Pharmaceutical Industry Overview

Well, i found ineresting book on my hard drive. And there was a networking Glossary which i would like to share.

• ad hoc - Refers to a wireless network that is computer to computer, without a wireless router.
• adware - Programs that are designed to display advertising to the user that may not be expected or wanted.
• antispyware/antiadware – Software programs used to detect, remove, and prevent adware and spyware programs from being installed on computer systems.
• antivirus – Software programs used to detect, remove, and prevent computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses from being installed on computer systems.
• backup – The process of copying critical files to another device or location to protect against the loss of data in the event of a file-destroying virus, loss, or physical trauma to a computer.
• bit - Short for “binary unit” (or binary digit); this is single digit of information, which is a 1 or 0.
• bot – Programs that install themselves on people’s computers for malicious purposes, often used as remote-attack tools to allow a hacker to gain control over your computer.
• bot army – Thousands of computers that have been taken over by hackers remotely, typically to anonymously conduct distributed denial-of-service attacks.
• broadband – A term used to describe high-speed Internet service. The term comes from the fact that a broad range of frequencies are used to attain high information-exchange rates.
• brute-force attack - Defeating password or encrypted data by successively trying a large number of possibilities (for example, exhaustively trying password combinations using a dictionary attack program).
• byte – A standard-size “chunk” of computer language or network information. A byte is made of 8 bits.

• denial-of-service (DoS) attack – an attack on a computer or network that causes a loss of service to users by consuming the bandwidth of the network or overloading the processor and memory of the computer system.
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) – this protocol is used by service providers and network equipment to automatically assign random IP addresses from a pool rather than assigning permanent IP addresses to users.

• distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack – Using hundreds or thousands of computers that have been taken over (see bot army) to conduct a DoS attack on a corporation, government entity, or website service with the intent to cause severe service disruption or complete failure.
• DSL (digital subscriber line) – A high-speed Internet connection that uses unused frequencies on phone lines to deliver very high data rates with the use of a specialized modem.
• dynamic IP address - Having an IP address assigned by a device in the Internet service provider’s network, which can change each time an address is requested. Often referred to as DHCP, which is the name of the protocol that specifies the rules for allocating IP addresses in this manner.
• Ethernet – A protocol that defines the rules for computer communication over certain types of networks. It is the dominant protocol in use for both home and businesses.
• Firewall – A physical device or software program that prevents unwanted access into a private network from an outside location.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – This protocol is used to copy files between computers over the Internet.
• Gb (Gigabit) – 1 billion bits.
• GB (Gigabyte) – 1,073,741,824 bytes.
• GHz (gigahertz) – Measurement of a radio frequency equating to one billion cycles per second.
• hack – A clever or elegant modification to computer software to gain unauthorized access or otherwise cause computer software to malfunction.
• hacker – A person able to exploit a computer system or gain unauthorized access, usually by creating or modifying computer software.
• heuristics - Process where information about known viruses is used to attempt detection of unknown or suspected viruses, attempting to halt viruses based on their behavior instead of exact signature.
• hotspot – A wireless network available for use in a public place such as a coffee shop or airport.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – This is the computer communication language used to retrieve information from web pages written in certain “markup” languages.

• IP (Internet Protocol) – Defines the communication rules for devices on the Internet. Communication within this protocol is based on the assignment of IP addresses.
• IP address – Numeric address by which computers, web servers, and devices are known by on the Internet. IP addresses have little bearing on geographic location, although some blocks of addresses can be linked to regions or states.
• ISP (Internet service provider) – A company that provides access to the Internet for residential or business use.
• keylogger – Applications that are designed to record and/or transmit keystroke information.
• kilobit (Kb) – 1000 bits. This is a standard transmission rate unit for dialup modems when referred to over a portion of time such as Kbps or kilobits per second.
• kilobyte (KB) – 1024 bytes.
• LAN (local-area network) – This is small network within a house, department, or business.
• MAC (Media Access Control) address – The unique physical serial number given by the manufacturer to every networking device used for network communication.
• megabit (Mb) – 1 million bits. When measured over time, this is the standard transmission rate unit for high-speed modems.
• megabyte (MB) – 1,048,576 bytes.
• Network Address Translation (NAT) - A home router translates the private IP addresses used by computers on your home network to a single public IP address assigned to your broadband modem, providing the ability for multiple computers to share a connection and also providing a degree of privacy because the computers on your home network are not able to be accessed directly from the Internet.
• NIC (network interface card) - Provides the connection for a computer to either a wired or wireless network. Can be installed internally to the computer (PCI), connected externally to a USB port, or plugged into the PCMCIA slot of a laptop.
• peer to peer - Another term for ad-hoc wireless networking, whereby two computers establish a connection directly to each other without a wireless access point.
• phishing - Sending e-mail pretending to be a legitimate business to perpetrate a scam on the receiver, such as stealing identities, credit card information, or login account and password.
• ping – Utility program on most PCs that can be used to test a network connection.
• router – A networking device that makes “intelligent” decisions regarding how traffic is moved across or through a network.
• spyware - Software that is designed to collect information in secret, might or might not install in stealth, and is designed to transmit that information to second or third parties covertly employing users’ Internet connections without their consent and knowledge.
• SSID (service set identifier) – A term used for the name of a WLAN.
• stateful packet inspection (SPI) – Examining each packet that flows through a firewall to make sure the packet is a) in response to a legitimate request by a computer on the home network and b) the correct packet in the expected sequence of packets.
• static IP address – Having an IP address assigned by the Internet service provider, which does not change.
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – A subset Internet Protocol (IP) set of rules to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet.
• uplink – Refers to the data flow from the computer to the service provider (and then to the Internet).
• URL (universal record locator) – The official term for a link to a website or other material on the Internet, also known as the web address.
• virus – A self-replicating/self-reproducing-automation program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents.
• VoIP (Voice over IP) - A collection of protocols for transporting voice conversations across a data network. Also known as IP Telephony.
• web server – A very fast computer that handles requests for web pages.
• WEP (Wired Equivalency Protocol) – Encryption security standard for 802.11-based wireless home networks.
• WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) – More-recent encryption security standard for 802.11-based wireless home networks, considered more secure than WEP.
• WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) - Latest encryption security standard for 802.11-based wireless home networks, considered more secure than WEP and WPA. Provides for periodic key rotation during a session.

Well, this is the end of my mini networking dictionary